#### 15.8.6 Floating Point

Floating point arithmetic is used in GMP for multiplications on CPUs with poor integer multipliers. It’s mostly useful for `mpn_mul_1`, `mpn_addmul_1` and `mpn_submul_1` on 64-bit machines, and `mpn_mul_basecase` on both 32-bit and 64-bit machines.

With IEEE 53-bit double precision floats, integer multiplications producing up to 53 bits will give exact results. Breaking a 64x64 multiplication into eight 16x32->48 bit pieces is convenient. With some care though six 21x32->53 bit products can be used, if one of the lower two 21-bit pieces also uses the sign bit.

For the `mpn_mul_1` family of functions on a 64-bit machine, the invariant single limb is split at the start, into 3 or 4 pieces. Inside the loop, the bignum operand is split into 32-bit pieces. Fast conversion of these unsigned 32-bit pieces to floating point is highly machine-dependent. In some cases, reading the data into the integer unit, zero-extending to 64-bits, then transferring to the floating point unit back via memory is the only option.

Converting partial products back to 64-bit limbs is usually best done as a signed conversion. Since all values are smaller than 2^53, signed and unsigned are the same, but most processors lack unsigned conversions.

Here is a diagram showing 16x32 bit products for an `mpn_mul_1` or `mpn_addmul_1` with a 64-bit limb. The single limb operand V is split into four 16-bit parts. The multi-limb operand U is split in the loop into two 32-bit parts.

                    +---+---+---+---+
                    |v48|v32|v16|v00|    V operand
                    +---+---+---+---+

                    +-------+---+---+
                x   |  u32  |  u00  |    U operand (one limb)
                    +---------------+

    ---------------------------------

                        +-----------+
                        | u00 x v00 |    p00    48-bit products
                        +-----------+
                    +-----------+
                    | u00 x v16 |        p16
                    +-----------+
                +-----------+
                | u00 x v32 |            p32
                +-----------+
            +-----------+
            | u00 x v48 |                p48
            +-----------+
                +-----------+
                | u32 x v00 |            r32
                +-----------+
            +-----------+
            | u32 x v16 |                r48
            +-----------+
        +-----------+
        | u32 x v32 |                    r64
        +-----------+
    +-----------+
    | u32 x v48 |                        r80
    +-----------+

p32 and r32 can be summed using floating-point addition, and likewise p48 and r48. p00 and p16 can be summed with r64 and r80 from the previous iteration.

For each loop then, four 49-bit quantities are transferred to the integer unit, aligned as follows,

    |-----64bits----|-----64bits----|
                       +------------+
                       | p00 + r64' |    i00
                       +------------+
                   +------------+
                   | p16 + r80' |        i16
                   +------------+
               +------------+
               | p32 + r32  |            i32
               +------------+
           +------------+
           | p48 + r48  |                i48
           +------------+

The challenge then is to sum these efficiently and add in a carry limb, generating a low 64-bit result limb and a high 33-bit carry limb (i48 extends 33 bits into the high half).