### 6.52 Using Vector Instructions through Built-in Functions

On some targets, the instruction set contains SIMD vector instructions which operate on multiple values contained in one large register at the same time. For example, on the x86 the MMX, 3DNow! and SSE extensions can be used this way.

The first step in using these extensions is to provide the necessary data types. This should be done using an appropriate `typedef`:

    typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));

The `int` type specifies the base type, while the attribute specifies the vector size for the variable, measured in bytes. For example, the declaration above causes the compiler to set the mode for the `v4si` type to be 16 bytes wide and divided into `int` sized units. For a 32-bit `int` this means a vector of 4 units of 4 bytes, and the corresponding mode of `foo` is V4SI.

The `vector_size` attribute is only applicable to integral and floating scalars, although arrays, pointers, and function return values are allowed in conjunction with this construct. Only sizes that are positive power-of-two multiples of the base type size are currently allowed.

All the basic integer types can be used as base types, both as signed and as unsigned: `char`, `short`, `int`, `long`, `long long`. In addition, `float` and `double` can be used to build floating-point vector types.

Specifying a combination that is not valid for the current architecture causes GCC to synthesize the instructions using a narrower mode. For example, if you specify a variable of type `V4SI` and your architecture does not allow for this specific SIMD type, GCC produces code that uses 4 `SIs`.

The types defined in this manner can be used with a subset of normal C operations. Currently, GCC allows using the following operators on these types: `+, -, *, /, unary minus, ^, |, &, ~, %`.

The operations behave like C++ `valarrays`. Addition is defined as the addition of the corresponding elements of the operands. For example, in the code below, each of the 4 elements in a is added to the corresponding 4 elements in b and the resulting vector is stored in c.

    typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));

    v4si a, b, c;

    c = a + b;

Subtraction, multiplication, division, and the logical operations operate in a similar manner. Likewise, the result of using the unary minus or complement operators on a vector type is a vector whose elements are the negative or complemented values of the corresponding elements in the operand.

It is possible to use shifting operators `<<`, `>>` on integer-type vectors. The operation is defined as following: `{a0, a1, …, an} >> {b0, b1, …, bn} == {a0 >> b0, a1 >> b1, …, an >> bn}`. Vector operands must have the same number of elements.

For convenience, it is allowed to use a binary vector operation where one operand is a scalar. In that case the compiler transforms the scalar operand into a vector where each element is the scalar from the operation. The transformation happens only if the scalar could be safely converted to the vector-element type. Consider the following code.

    typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));

    v4si a, b, c;
    long l;

    a = b + 1;    /* a = b + {1,1,1,1}; */
    a = 2 * b;    /* a = {2,2,2,2} * b; */

    a = l + a;    /* Error, cannot convert long to int. */

Vectors can be subscripted as if the vector were an array with the same number of elements and base type. Out of bound accesses invoke undefined behavior at run time. Warnings for out of bound accesses for vector subscription can be enabled with `-Warray-bounds`.

Vector comparison is supported with standard comparison operators: `==, !=, <, <=, >, >=`. Comparison operands can be vector expressions of integer-type or real-type. Comparison between integer-type vectors and real-type vectors are not supported. The result of the comparison is a vector of the same width and number of elements as the comparison operands with a signed integral element type.

Vectors are compared element-wise producing 0 when comparison is false and -1 (constant of the appropriate type where all bits are set) otherwise. Consider the following example.

    typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));

    v4si a = {1,2,3,4};
    v4si b = {3,2,1,4};
    v4si c;

    c = a >  b;     /* The result would be {0, 0,-1, 0}  */
    c = a == b;     /* The result would be {0,-1, 0,-1}  */

In C++, the ternary operator `?:` is available. `a?b:c`, where `b` and `c` are vectors of the same type and `a` is an integer vector with the same number of elements of the same size as `b` and `c`, computes all three arguments and creates a vector `{a[0]?b[0]:c[0], a[1]?b[1]:c[1], …}`. Note that unlike in OpenCL, `a` is thus interpreted as `a != 0` and not `a < 0`. As in the case of binary operations, this syntax is also accepted when one of `b` or `c` is a scalar that is then transformed into a vector. If both `b` and `c` are scalars and the type of `true?b:c` has the same size as the element type of `a`, then `b` and `c` are converted to a vector type whose elements have this type and with the same number of elements as `a`.

In C++, the logic operators `!, &&, ||` are available for vectors. `!v` is equivalent to `v == 0`, `a && b` is equivalent to `a!=0 & b!=0` and `a || b` is equivalent to `a!=0 | b!=0`. For mixed operations between a scalar `s` and a vector `v`, `s && v` is equivalent to `s?v!=0:0` (the evaluation is short-circuit) and `v && s` is equivalent to `v!=0 & (s?-1:0)`.

Vector shuffling is available using functions `__builtin_shuffle (vec, mask)` and `__builtin_shuffle (vec0, vec1, mask)`. Both functions construct a permutation of elements from one or two vectors and return a vector of the same type as the input vector(s). The mask is an integral vector with the same width (W) and element count (N) as the output vector.

The elements of the input vectors are numbered in memory ordering of vec0 beginning at 0 and vec1 beginning at N. The elements of mask are considered modulo N in the single-operand case and modulo 2*N in the two-operand case.

Consider the following example,

    typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));

    v4si a = {1,2,3,4};
    v4si b = {5,6,7,8};
    v4si mask1 = {0,1,1,3};
    v4si mask2 = {0,4,2,5};
    v4si res;

    res = __builtin_shuffle (a, mask1);       /* res is {1,2,2,4}  */
    res = __builtin_shuffle (a, b, mask2);    /* res is {1,5,3,6}  */

Note that `__builtin_shuffle` is intentionally semantically compatible with the OpenCL `shuffle` and `shuffle2` functions.

You can declare variables and use them in function calls and returns, as well as in assignments and some casts. You can specify a vector type as a return type for a function. Vector types can also be used as function arguments. It is possible to cast from one vector type to another, provided they are of the same size (in fact, you can also cast vectors to and from other datatypes of the same size).

You cannot operate between vectors of different lengths or different signedness without a cast.

Vector conversion is available using the `__builtin_convertvector (vec, vectype)` function. vec must be an expression with integral or floating vector type and vectype an integral or floating vector type with the same number of elements. The result has vectype type and value of a C cast of every element of vec to the element type of vectype.

Consider the following example,

    typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));
    typedef float v4sf __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));
    typedef double v4df __attribute__ ((vector_size (32)));
    typedef unsigned long long v4di __attribute__ ((vector_size (32)));

    v4si a = {1,-2,3,-4};
    v4sf b = {1.5f,-2.5f,3.f,7.f};
    v4di c = {1ULL,5ULL,0ULL,10ULL};
    v4sf d = __builtin_convertvector (a, v4sf); /* d is {1.f,-2.f,3.f,-4.f} */
    /* Equivalent of:
       v4sf d = { (float)a[0], (float)a[1], (float)a[2], (float)a[3] }; */
    v4df e = __builtin_convertvector (a, v4df); /* e is {1.,-2.,3.,-4.} */
    v4df f = __builtin_convertvector (b, v4df); /* f is {1.5,-2.5,3.,7.} */
    v4si g = __builtin_convertvector (f, v4si); /* g is {1,-2,3,7} */
    v4si h = __builtin_convertvector (c, v4si); /* h is {1,5,0,10} */

Sometimes it is desirable to write code using a mix of generic vector operations (for clarity) and machine-specific vector intrinsics (to access vector instructions that are not exposed via generic built-ins). On x86, intrinsic functions for integer vectors typically use the same vector type `__m128i` irrespective of how they interpret the vector, making it necessary to cast their arguments and return values from/to other vector types. In C, you can make use of a `union` type:

    #include <immintrin.h>

    typedef unsigned char u8x16 __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));
    typedef unsigned int  u32x4 __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));

    typedef union {
            __m128i mm;
            u8x16   u8;
            u32x4   u32;
    } v128;

for variables that can be used with both built-in operators and x86 intrinsics:

    v128 x, y = { 0 };
    memcpy (&x, ptr, sizeof x);
    y.u8  += 0x80;
    x.mm  = _mm_adds_epu8 (x.mm, y.mm);
    x.u32 &= 0xffffff;

    /* Instead of a variable, a compound literal may be used to pass the
       return value of an intrinsic call to a function expecting the union: */
    v128 foo (v128);
    x = foo ((v128) {_mm_adds_epu8 (x.mm, y.mm)});